Uncategorised

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms

A: Independent assortment of chromosomes in Meiosis.

B: Crossing over.

C: Random fertilization.

D: A, B, and C are correct.

Answer:

 The correct answer is option D. Options A, B and C all are true.

Explanation:

The processes which lead to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms include; a) Independent assortment of chromosomes in Meiosis, b) crossing over, and c) random fertilization.

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms

Let’s first discuss “what is genetic variation?” before mentioning the processes which introduce the genetic variation.

Genetic Variation:

Genetic variation is the process which has a crucial role in the process of natural selection by enabling the best individuals to reproduce and survive.

Genetic variation occurs in the processes of crossing over and independent assortment during the phase of Meiosis in the gametes or sex cells.

A: INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES IN MEIOSIS:

Independent Assortment shows how different genes separate from one another independently when reproductive cells develop. This independent assortment of genes occurs during Meiosis.

Meiosis:

Meiosis is the process of cell division that happens in the gametes or sex cells during sexual reproduction. Meiosis ensures the introduction of genetic variation.

In Meiosis, the cell divides twice in such a way that four cells are formed from one parent cell. The chromosomes also exchange their genetic material in crossing over.

As the chromosomes vary from one other so, they randomly line up in the cell. It is called independent assortment.

B: CROSSING OVER:

The process in which the chromosomes exchange their genetic material is called crossing over.

Crossing over occurs during “Prophase I,” which is the first stage of Meiosis. During this stage, the homologous chromosomes pair up.

When homologous chromosomes exchange segments with each other, it switches the pieces of DNA as (Chromosomes contain genes in the form of DNA sequences); thus, variation occurs.

During the process of crossing over the chromosomes break as well as rejoin at the same place.

C: RANDOM FERTILIZATION:

Random fertilization is another process that leads to Genetic Variation. Thus, sexual reproduction ensures that genetic variation happens during cell division and fertilization.

During Meiosis I, there are two ways each homologous pairs of chromosomes can line up ( I I’ ) & ( I’ I ) – we can calculate the possible number of random combinations of chromosomes in each gamete (ie. sperm/egg) using the equation:

number of possible combinations = 2n
where n is the number of chromosomes in the system.
Humans have 23 chromosomes so this gives rise to 8,388,608 genetically unique gametes through independent assortment alone

Random fertilization refers to the fact that if two individuals mate, and each is capable of producing over 8million potential gametes, the random chance of any one sperm and egg coming together is a product of these two probabilities – some 70 trillion different combinations of chromosomes in a potential offspring.
think about that for a second

Crossing over occurs during tetrad formation of Metaphase I of meiosis; when portions of the homologous pairs get exchanged, it results in the sister chromatids involved being recombined and genetically distinct from the other sister chromatid – this can happen more than once and can happen at random loci (locations) on the chromosome.

Because crossing over can give rise to an additional unique combination of alleles, each occurrence would effectively double the number of genetically unique gametes – and because crossovers occur randomly this means that number earlier (70 trillion) doesn’t even begin to describe the potential variation in offspring that can exist given the three concepts listed.

census data (the final report as published by the census bureau) is an example of:

census data (the final report as published by the census bureau) is an example of: that is, the final report as published by the census bureau is an example of public information. The census gives quantitative information about the population. It typically includes accounting for the sex, age, and occupation of the population it includes in the survey. It is public information because data collected and organized are made available to the public either through publication or online platforms.

census data (the final report as published by the census bureau) is an example of public information.

The answer is  Public information. The answer for census data (the final report as published by the census bureau) is an example of: explained in brief as below:

A census is a procedure where public information about the members of a given population is systematically acquired and recorded. The term is used usually in connection with the national population of a country.

In the United States, the Census is a survey that is conducted every ten years to evaluate the population for political representation and taxation.

The survey is conducted by the United States Census Bureau to collect statistical data about the American citizens to determine the number and division of Senate House seats, along with providing a basis to apportion funding and federal taxes among states.

In other words, Census data helps to plan and understand the economic, social and demographic conditions in communities.

The whole process of compiling, collecting and publishing social, economic and demographic data at a specific time, pertaining to all people in a country or a defined part of the country is known as Census. Most countries perform a census of their total population.

Four Important Features of Census

• The census covers a specific territory and includes every individual residing or present within its scope. The housing census must include all types of living quarters and buildings.
• Every person is enumerated separately, and their characteristics are recorded separately.
• Every individual, building and living quarters are enumerated with respect to a defined point of time.
• The census takes place at regular, defined intervals like 10 years.

The data for any census can vary but may include basic characteristics like sex, age, size of the household or marital status. Data such as workplace or education, place of birth, previous and current place of residence may also be a part of the census.

In the United States, The Measure Evaluation document specifies the type of data that is collected in a census. They are the following:

• Migration and geographic information.
• Population characteristics like household size, household composition, family characteristics, marital status, sex or age.
• Economic information such as occupation, labor force participation, place of work, education attributes like literacy, education attainment and school attendance.
• Information on birthplace, place of residence and duration, former place of residence allow examination of population movement.
• Data on buildings and living quarters.
• Details about deaths and births are also collected in some countries, specifically those that do not have a proper system in place to record them. In the USA this information is used to make policy decisions.

Uses of Census Data

A country needs basic information about the residents in order to plan, develop and improve the resident’s lives. Planning can be good if the information used is up to date.

The information gathered from a census makes it possible for the government to decide the type of policies they want to implement. The census is the most detailed source of information on the residents of a country.

The data from a census can be used for different purposes as they record and evaluate a vast range of features of a population.

Demographic features

• Personal Details

Queries on demography make it possible to know the gender, age, marital status, country of origin, parent’s country of birth, time of immigration and the children born to women.

This information can help in planning special services to a particular immigrant group or identify areas with a large number of elders and children so that care centers can be built.

• Internal Migration

Information on transfers between localities can determine the rate of development required in rural areas and towns.

Socio-Economic Characteristics

• Work

Information related to work and employment of the population enables planners to identify areas of unemployment in certain localities. The questions may range from the type of work to the means of transport used to get to work.

This data, in turn, will lead to planning for public transportation or finding links between employment and other variables like education, marital status or standard of living.

• Education

The level of education for an average person in a country is determined through these questions. This information helps in determining other variables like marital status, work etc.

• Housing Conditions

Data about housing conditions and standard of living helps in comparison of the population between one locality and another or a comparison between native and immigrant population. This will lead to the creation of the right policy.

• Household Income

Any information on household income will determine the level of benefit that a particular community needs. Unemployment benefits or other benefits like free school and lunch can be provided through this data.

• Disability

A census can collect information on the number of people who are disabled in a community, the reason for it or the type of disability. This again leads to better planning for welfare schemes or to determine the cause of such disabilities.

Who Uses Census Data?

The following groups/individuals/institutions can use census data.

Government

The government generally uses census data to plan and provide healthcare, transport, employment and education.

It provides a detailed picture of migration and population figures in a community so that utilities and services can be made available to groups that need it.

The type of education and work can help the government in running proper upskilling programs or decide the unemployment benefits.

Businesses

Census data can bring businesses into a community. When companies are looking for the new markets, the detailed census information can help them decide where they can thrive the best.

Students

Census data is one of the critical sources of information for research scholars and academicians for various social, economic and health-related studies.

Local Communities

Local communities can decide on the services that are most beneficial to the community. Accordingly, they can plan and budget or raise requests for transport, training, schools, housing or healthcare. Ethnic groups and the media also use census data for various purposes.

Representative Groups

These groups that represent certain communities or ethnicities can use the data to campaign for the interest of those they support.

Conclusion

Census data is a comprehensive and detailed list that covers almost all information on the residents of a country. The information gathered is public in nature and is available to different groups and individuals. However, these reports give a general picture, and privacy of individuals is mostly protected.

Reference Links

1. Census Data- In Brief: Taken from canr.msu.edu
2. Uses of Census Data: Taken from cbs.gov.il
3. Groups Using the Census Data: Take from the site census.ie

a car traveling with constant speed travels 150 km in 7200 s. what is the speed of the car?

a car traveling with constant speed travels 150 km in 7200 s. what is the speed of the car

what is the speed of the car?

Here we are asked about the speed.

a car traveling with constant speed travels 150 km in 7200 s.

The speed of a moving object is the ratio of total distance covered and total time taken that is The speed is defined as the distance divided by the time taken.

Here distance = d = 150km= 150000m

time = t = 7200s

speed = s = d/t = 150000m/7200s = 20.83 m/s.

speed in kilometers/hour = 150km/2h = 75 km/h.

a car traveling with constant speed travels 150 km in 7200 s. the speed of the car is 75kmph.

7200 second into minutes. 7200/60=120.

then simplify into hours. 12060=2