Simpson’s paradox occurs October 4, 2022 by 8i9x6 when association and causation are both present. when we analyze data using multiple regression. when the chi-square statistic’s value is smaller than the P-value. when the nature of the observed relationship between two variables changes radically when we take into account other variables. See Answer when the nature of the observed relationship between two variables changes radically when we take into account other variables.